Data to Support the Monitoring Framework of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework represents a pivotal advancement in global efforts to reverse biodiversity loss and promote sustainable development. Its implementation will be monitored through a monitoring framework, based primarily on data collated at the national level. To support and supplement this mechanism, the data collection set out in this document, serves as a resource for countries to draw on in tracking progress and informing decision-making at the national level. It provides access to global data that could be used to calculate indicators to monitor implementation of national biodiversity strategies and action plans, that are aligned to the Global Biodiversity Framework.
About this data collection
This collection of datasets is a curated list of global spatial datasets that can be used at national and global scales to calculate selected headline, component, and complementary indicators of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, in instances where indicators are based on spatial data, and subject to national needs and priorities for monitoring. The UNBL team has identified that 41% of headline indicators and 36% of component indicators have methodology encouraging the use of spatial data. The list includes indicators that are reported as statistics at the country level, but are also visualizable as maps (e.g., a world map representing different country-level values). All data included in this data collection are the global spatial data referenced in the indicator metadata (available on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Indicators website and in CBD/COP/16/INF/3/Rev.1) associated with decision CBD/COP/DEC/16/31* Annex 1 and 2 on the monitoring framework for the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework as of June 2025.
These global spatial reference datasets can be used in the following ways:
- The datasets could act as a data standard that countries could use to evaluate their own national datasets against.
- The datasets could be used to supplement the national datasets proposed for calculating the headline, component and complementary indicators of the monitoring framework subject to national needs and circumstances.
- In circumstances where no national data exists for monitoring national actions and target implementation, these global reference data can be used to enable monitoring and supplement gaps in national data.
Technical guidance
UNBL also offers workspaces to visualise, manage, and analyse national datasets alongside these global datasets. Over the period 2023-2025, UNBL will further develop functionalities to support users in directly calculating indicators for their countries, as well as streamline connections to other relevant tools for monitoring and reporting, including the Target Tracker, and the CBD Online Reporting Tool.
For further information on accessing these selected global data layers for national use, and using relevant UNBL data and tools, please see the technical guidance Using Spatial Data to Support the Development of Plans for National Monitoring Systems for the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework developed by the GEF-funded Global Biodiversity Framework Early Action Support Project.
About the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
The associated monitoring framework for the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted by Parties through CBD COP Decision 15/5 includes a set of headline indicators that capture the overall scope of the goals and targets and a number of component and complementary indicators that allow a more detailed analysis.
Decision 15/6 on the mechanisms for planning, monitoring, reporting, and review urges all Parties to use the headline indicators in relevant national planning processes and requests all Parties to use the headline indicators for national reporting under the Convention. Decision 15/5, Annex 1, states that “headline indicators use methodologies agreed by Parties and are calculated at a national level based on national data from national monitoring networks and national sources, recognizing that in some cases headline indicators may need to draw on global datasets.”
Please see the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Indicators website for more information on the indicators adopted for the monitoring framework.
Explore the collection in three easy steps:
To explore the data collection, click on the target of interest and browse the available global data layers that relate to each indicator.
- Browse the datasets that may be relevant to monitoring the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework at the national level.
- Select a goal or target of interest to view a description, the associated indicators, and global datasets that may be relevant to support indicator calculation at the national level.
- Click on ‘View data’ to view the dataset on UNBL
ⓘ Data to calculate indicators at the national level
Headline indicators, as set out in Decision 15/5, are “a minimum set of high-level indicators, which capture the overall scope of the goals and targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to be used for planning and tracking progress. They are nationally, regionally and globally relevant indicators validated by Parties. These indicators can also be used for communication purposes.” Here we present a comprehensive list of spatial data that can be used for calculation of headline indicators as set out in the indicator metadata associated with Decision 15/5, which is available on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Indicators website and in CBD/COP/16/INF/3/Rev.1
Goal A: Protect and Restore
The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal A: The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential. | A.1 Red List of Ecosystems | A.1 Red List of Ecosystems | Red List of Ecosystems | The Red List of Ecosystems framework assesses the relative risk of ecosystem collapse of an ecosystem type. The indicator ‘Red List Index of Ecosystems (RLIe)’ measures the average risk of ecosystem collapse of a group of ecosystems and allows for tracking change over time, based on genuine change in the risk category of each ecosystem. | 5 years | N/A | Pending |
| A.2 Extent of natural ecosystems | A.2 Extent of natural ecosystems | Status 3. Methods developed (or partially developed) and tested/piloted, but data not yet widely available (and/or collection not yet underway). (Indicator/methodology maintained by an organization(s)). | |||||
| A.3 Red List Index | A.3 Red List Index | Red List Index | The Red List Index measures change in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. It is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is expressed as changes in an index ranging from 0 to 1. | 5 years | Country-level stats | Red List Index | |
Goal B: Prosper with Nature
Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal B: Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050. | B.1 Services provided by ecosystem | Status 3. Methods developed (or partially developed) and tested/piloted, but data not yet widely available (and/or collection not yet underway). (Indicator/methodology maintained by an organization(s)). | |||||
Goal D: Invest and Collaborate
Adequate means of implementation, including financial resources, capacity-building, technical and scientific cooperation, and access to and transfer of technology to fully implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework are secured and equitably accessible to all Parties, especially developing country Parties, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, progressively closing the biodiversity finance gap of $700 billion per year, and aligning financial flows with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the 2050 Vision for biodiversity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for Indicator Calculation | Global Data Available | Global Data Description | Frequency of Update for Global Data | Resolution of Global Data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal D: Adequate means of implementation, including financial resources, capacity-building, technical and scientific cooperation, and access to and transfer of technology to fully implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework are secured and equitably accessible to all Parties, especially developing country Parties, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, progressively closing the biodiversity finance gap of $700 billion per year, and aligning financial flows with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the 2050 Vision for biodiversity. | D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems | D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance (ODA) for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems |
Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor countries | The indicator measures the gross disbursements of total Official Development Assistance (ODA) from all donors for biodiversity. Data are also available in constant prices for commitments undertaken by donors, which signal a signed agreement to fund a particular activity. The data includes information on capacity development type of activities (e.g., technical assistance, scholarships, etc.). | Annual | Country-level stats | Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor countries |
Target 1: Plan and Manage all Areas To Reduce Biodiversity Loss
Ensure that all areas are under participatory, integrated, and biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or effective management processes addressing land and sea use change, to bring the loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero by 2030, while respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 1: Plan and Manage all Areas To Reduce Biodiversity Loss | A.1 Red List of Ecosystems | A.1 Red List of Ecosystems | Red List of Ecosystems |
The Red List of Ecosystems framework assesses the relative risk of ecosystem collapse of an ecosystem type. The indicator ‘Red List Index of Ecosystems (RLIe)’ measures the average risk of ecosystem collapse of a group of ecosystems and allows for tracking change over time, based on genuine change in the risk category of each ecosystem. The RLIe can be calculated for any set of ecosystem types for which there are Red List of Ecosystems assessments. It can thus be calculated at the country level or at the global level, or for broad ecosystem groups (such as forests). |
5 years | Unknown | Pending |
| A.2 Extent of natural ecosystems | A.2 Extent of natural ecosystems | Status 3. Methods developed (or partially developed) and tested/piloted, but data not yet widely available (and/or collection not yet underway). (Indicator/methodology maintained by an organization(s)). | |||||
| 1.1 Percentage of land and seas covered by biodiversity-inclusive spatial plans | 1.1 Percentage of land and seas covered by biodiversity-inclusive spatial plans | Status 1: Methods not yet developed, and a process needs to be to develop these. | |||||
Target 2: Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems
Ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 2: Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems. | 2.1 Area under restoration | 2.1 Area under restoration |
FERM (Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring) | At the moment, there is no mechanism for collecting area-based information on ecosystem restoration. FAO and key partners from the Monitoring Task Force of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration have defined a draft methodology for data collection, compilation, and reporting. The proposed workflow consists of four main elements: data compilation, country validation, reporting and capacity development. The primary platforms and reporting mechanisms for collecting information on restoration areas identified by the Working Group include the Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring (FERM), and others. Restoration initiatives, led by public entities, private sector, civil society and individuals can share area-based data and additional parameters for reporting area under restoration through any of the key identified platforms. FAO will compile data from the key platforms and harmonize the data through the FERM registry. | Unknown | N/A | Pending |
Target 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas
Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing indigenous and traditional territories where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas. | 3.1 Coverage of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures | 3.1 Coverage of protected areas and OECMs (Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures) | World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (WDPCA) | Coverage by ecosystem component: The indicator shows the total percentage coverage of terrestrial and marine areas by protected areas and OECMs at the global level. | Monthly | N/A1 | World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (WDPCA) |
Target 4: Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts
Ensure urgent management actions to halt human induced extinction of known threatened species and for the recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species, to significantly reduce extinction risk, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated species to maintain their adaptive potential, including through in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions to minimize human-wildlife conflict for coexistence.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 4: Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts. | A.3 Red List Index | A.3 Red List Index | Red List Index | The Red List Index measures change in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. It is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is expressed as changes in an index ranging from 0 to 1. | 5 Years | Country-level stats | Red List Index |
Target 5: Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species
Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spill-over, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 5: Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species. | 5.1 Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels | 5.1 Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels |
Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels | Measures the sustainability of the world's marine capture fisheries by the abundance of the exploited fish stocks with respect to Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) levels. For each level of reporting (National, Regional, Global), the indicator is calculated as the ratio between the number of exploited fish stocks classified as "within biologically sustainable levels" and the total number of stocks in the Reference List that were classified with a determined status (within/not within "biologically sustainable levels"). | Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels |
Target 7: Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity
Reduce pollution risks and the negative impact of pollution from all sources, by 2030, to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, considering cumulative effects, including: reducing excess nutrients lost to the environment by at least half including through more efficient nutrient cycling and use; reducing the overall risk from pesticides and highly hazardous chemicals by at least half including through integrated pest management, based on science, taking into account food security and livelihoods; and also preventing, reducing, and working towards eliminating plastic pollution.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 7: Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity | 7.1 Index of coastal eutrophication potential | 7.1 Index of coastal eutrophication potential |
Chlorophyll-a anomalies | Level 1: This sub-indicator evaluates the intra-annual changes in chlorophyll-a concentration anomalies in each Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and territorial sea using the NOAA VIIRS chlorophyll-a ratio anomaly product produced daily for the globe at 2 km spatial resolution. The daily global VIIRS chlorophyll-a concentrations are produced from the NOAA Multi-Sensor Level 1 to Level 2 (MSL12) processing of the VIIRS sensor on the Suomi SNPP satellite. | Daily | 2 km | Chlorophyll-a anomalies |
| Chlorophyll-a deviation | The indicator aims to measure the contribution to coastal eutrophication from countries and the state of coastal eutrophication. Therefore, two levels of indicators are recommended. This data is Level 1: Globally available data from earth observations and modeling. Chlorophyll-A deviation modeling. | Monthly | 4 km | Chlorophyll-a deviation |
Target 9: Manage Wild Species Sustainably To Benefit People
Ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, thereby providing social, economic and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most dependent on biodiversity, including through sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products and services that enhance biodiversity, and protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update | Resolution | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 9: Manage Wild Species Sustainably to Benefit People | 9.1 Benefits from the sustainable use of wild species | 9.1 Benefits from the sustainable use of wild species | Status 1: Methods not yet developed, and a process needs to be established to develop these. | ||||
Target 10: Enhance Biodiversity and Sustainability in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Forestry
Ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial increase of the application of biodiversity-friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity and maintaining nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 10: Enhance Biodiversity and Sustainability in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Forestry | 10.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture | 10.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture | Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture |
Headline indicator 10.1 measures the Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture. It corresponds to SDG indicator 2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture. This indicator is defined by the formula: Area under productive and sustainable agriculture / Agricultural land area Where the numerator corresponds to agricultural land area of the farms that satisfy the sustainability criteria of the 11 sub-indicators and the denominator is the sum of a country’s total agricultural land area. The scope of the indicator is land used primarily to grow crops and raise livestock. |
Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture |
| 10.2 Progress towards sustainable forest management | 10.2 Progress towards sustainable forest management | Proportion of forest with a long-term management plan |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of forest with a long-term management plan | |
| Forest area under an independently verified forest management certification scheme |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Forest area under an independently verified forest management certification scheme | |||
| Proportion of forest area within legally established protected areas |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of forest area within legally established protected areas | |||
| Above-ground biomass in forest |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Above-ground biomass in forest | |||
| Annual forest area change rate |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Annual forest area change rate |
Target 11: Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People.
Restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 11: Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People | B.1: Services provided by ecosystems* | B.1 Services provided by ecosystems* | Status 3. Methods developed (or partially developed) and tested/piloted, but data not yet widely available (and/or collection not yet underway). Indicator/Methodology maintained by an organization(s) | ||||
Target 12: Enhance Green Spaces and Urban Planning for Human Well-Being and Biodiversity
Significantly increase the area, quality, and connectivity of, access to, and benefits from green and blue spaces in urban and densely populated areas sustainably, by mainstreaming the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and ensure biodiversity-inclusive urban planning, enhancing native biodiversity, ecological connectivity and integrity, improving human health and well-being, and contributing to inclusive and sustainable urbanization and the provision of ecosystem functions and services.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 12: Enhance Green Spaces and Urban Planning for Human Well-Being and Biodiversity | 12.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is green/blue space for public use for all | 12.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is green/blue space for public use for all | Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities | The following is the definition of the SDG 11.7.1 indicator, and consequently there could be small variations in the definition for the “Average share of the built-up area of cities that is green/blue space for public use for all”. Indicator 11.7.1 has several important concepts that required global consultations and consensus. These include built-up area, cities, open spaces for public use, etc. As a custodian agency, UN-Habitat has worked on these concepts along with several other partners. | Annual | Country-level stats | Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities |
Target 18: Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity
Identify by 2025, and eliminate, phase out or reform incentives, including subsidies, harmful for biodiversity, in a proportionate, just, fair, effective and equitable way, while substantially and progressively reducing them by at least 500 billion United States dollars per year by 2030, starting with the most harmful incentives, and scale up positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 18: Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity | 18.1 Positive incentives in place to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use | 18.1 Positive incentives in place to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use |
Policy Instruments for the Environment (PINE) | Definition of positive incentives for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use: Positive incentives, or incentive-based mechanisms or economic instruments, are the set of policy instruments that are based on providing incentives for producers and consumers to behave in a more sustainable way. Economic instruments are fiscal and other economic incentives to incorporate environmental costs (and benefits) into production and consumption. The objective is to encourage environmentally sound and efficient production and consumption through full-cost pricing. In contrast to more traditional command-and-control approaches (e.g., restrictions on access or use, standards, etc.), economic instruments can in theory meet a given environmental objective at a lower total economic cost. | Annual | Country-level stats | Policy Instruments for the Environment (PINE) |
Target 19: Mobilize $200 Billion per Year for Biodiversity From all Sources, Including $30 Billion Through International Finance
Substantially and progressively increase the level of financial resources from all sources, in an effective, timely and easily accessible manner, including domestic, international, public and private resources, in accordance with Article 20 of the Convention, to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans, by 2030 mobilizing at least 200 billion United States dollars per year.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 19: Mobilize $200 Billion per Year for Biodiversity From all Sources, Including $30 Billion Through International Finance | D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance (ODA) for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems |
D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance (ODA) for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems |
Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor countries | The indicator measures the gross disbursements of total Official Development Assistance (ODA) from all donors for biodiversity. Data is also available in constant prices for commitments undertaken by donors, which signal a signed agreement to fund a particular activity. The data includes information on capacity development type of activities (e.g. technical assistance, scholarships, etc). | Annual | Country-level stats | Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor countries |
Target 21: Ensure That Knowledge Is Available and Accessible To Guide Biodiversity Action
Ensure that the best available data, information, and knowledge are accessible to decision makers, practitioners, and the public to guide effective and equitable governance, integrated and participatory management of biodiversity, and to strengthen communication, awareness-raising, education, monitoring, research, and knowledge management. In this context, traditional knowledge, innovations, practices, and technologies of indigenous peoples and local communities should only be accessed with their free, prior, and informed consent, in accordance with national legislation.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 21: Ensure That Knowledge Is Available and Accessible to Guide Biodiversity Action | 21.1 Indicator on biodiversity information for monitoring the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework | 21.1 Indicator on biodiversity information for the monitoring the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework | Status 2: Methods not yet developed, but a process is underway to develop them, led by one or more organisations. | ||||
Component indicators, as set out in Decision 15/5, are “a list of optional indicators that, together with the headline indicators, cover components of the goals and targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework which may apply at the global, regional, national, and subnational levels.” Here we present a comprehensive list of spatial data that can be used for calculation of component indicators as set out in the indicator metadata associated with Decision 15/5, which is available on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Indicators website and in CBD/COP/16/INF/3/Rev.1.
Goal A: Protect and Restore
The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species, is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Goal A: The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential. |
Ecosystem Intactness Index | Not yet available | Ecological Intactness Index | Human activities are altering natural areas worldwide. While our ability to map these activities at fine scales is improving, a simplistic binary characterization of habitat and non-habitat with a focus on change in habitat extent has dominated conservation assessments across different spatial scales. Here, the authors provide Ecological Intactness Index metric that captures both habitat loss, and fragmentation effects which, when combined, are called intactness. | Annual | 1 km | Ecological Intactness Index |
| Ecosystem Integrity Index | Not yet available | Ecosystem Integrity Index | The Ecosystem Integrity Index (EII). The index provides a simple, yet scientifically robust, way of measuring, and reporting on ecosystem integrity at any geographical scale. It is formed of three components, structure, composition, and function, and measured against a natural (current potential) baseline on a scale of 0 to 1 | Unknown | 1 km2 | Pending | |
| Species Habitat Index | Not yet available | Species Habitat Index | The Species Habitat Index (SHI) measures changes in ecosystem integrity through health of their species populations and the associated processes and functions of ecological communities. The index captures alterations to the quality and connectivity of habitats at the level of single species and at fine spatial scale, addressing single square kilometer assemblages. When aggregated over a larger geographic unit (e.g., landscape, seascape, mountain region, ecological region, or country), SHI can provide a compound measure of an area’s ecological integrity and connectivity. When evaluated over species’ geographic ranges, the SHI also informs about trends in the health of species populations and potential changes in their genetic diversity | Annual | 1 km2 | Pending | |
| Biodiversity Habitat Index | Biodiversity Habitat Index | Biodiversity Habitat Index | The Biodiversity Habitat Index (BHI) estimates the level of species diversity expected to be within any given spatial reporting unit (e.g. a country, a biome, an ecosystem type, or the entire planet) as a function of the area, and integrity of natural ecosystems across that unit. Results for the indicator can be expressed as either: 1) the ‘effective proportion of habitat’ remaining within the unit – adjusting for the effects of the condition and functional connectivity of that habitat, and of spatial variation in the species composition of ecological communities (beta diversity); or 2) the proportion of species expected to persist (i.e. avoid extinction) over the long term, predicted as a simple species-area based function of the effective proportion of habitat remaining. | 5 years | 30 arc-sec | Biodiversity Habitat Index | |
| Connected index | Not yet available | Protected Area Connectivity | ProtConn, an indicator of the connectivity of Protected Areas (PAs) systems that improves the detail and comprehensiveness of previous related assessments mainly by depicting different categories of land through which movement between protected locations may occur, including the assessment of the contribution of transboundary PAs to connectivity. | 2 years | 10 km | Protected Area Connectivity | |
| Protected Area Representativeness & Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) | Protected Area Representativeness & Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) | Protected Area Representativeness & Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) | The Protected Area Representativeness and Connectedness (PARC) indices measure the extent to which terrestrial protected areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), are ecologically representative, and well-connected. | 2 years | 30 arc-sec | Protected Area Representativeness & Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) | |
| Number of extinctions averted | Not yet available | Number of extinctions averted | The authors identified a list of bird and mammal species for which conservation action prevented extinction by: (a) identifying candidate species that could plausibly have gone extinct (i.e., the death of the last individual in the wild) without conservation action; (b) documenting for these species the key information needed to evaluate whether the actions implemented could plausibly have prevented their extinction; (c) using a Delphi technique to estimate the probability that each candidate species would have gone extinct in a counterfactual scenario without conservation action; and (d) retaining species with a high probability that conservation action prevented their extinction. They combined their results with the number of known extinctions to quantify the effect of conservation action on observed extinction rates. | Unknown | Country-level stats | Number of extinctions averted | |
| Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered index | Not yet available | Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered index | The EDGE index uses available extinction risk data for the world's most evolutionarily distinct and threatened species to provide explicit monitoring of documented extinctions and increases and decreases of extinction risk category on the IUCN Red List through time for these irreplaceable sets of species. | Unknown | Unknown | Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered index | |
| Living Planet Index | Living Planet Index | Living Planet Index | The Living Planet Index is a multi-species indicator which tracks average changes in the relative abundance of species populations over time. | 2 years | N/A | Living Planet Index |
Goal B: Prosper with Nature
Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal B: Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050. | Living Planet Index for utilized species | Not yet available | Living Planet Index (utilized species) | The use of wildlife supports many people for their food, medicine, and livelihoods. Ensuring that this use is sustainable is central to conservation to ensure the persistence of species alongside continued utilization by people. Using more than 11,000 wildlife population trends from the Living Planet Index, the authors conducted a global analysis of local-scale data to better understand how wildlife populations respond to utilization. | 2 years | N/A | View data |
Target 2: Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems
Ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 2: Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems. | Land degradation (Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.3.1) | N/A | Land degradation (Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.3.1) | SDG indicator 15.3.1 is a binary - degraded/not degraded - quantification based on the analysis of available data for three sub-indicators to be validated and reported by national authorities. The subindicators (Trends in Land Cover, Land Productivity and Carbon Stocks) were adopted by the UNCCD’s governing body in 2013 as part of its monitoring and evaluation approach. | 4 years | Unknown | Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area |
Target 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas
Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing indigenous and traditional territories where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas. | Protected Connected Index | Not yet available | Protected Area Connectivity | ProtConn, an indicator of the connectivity of Protected Areas (PAs) systems that improves the detail and comprehensiveness of previous related assessments mainly by depicting different categories of land through which movement between protected locations may occur, including the assessment of the contribution of transboundary PAs to connectivity. | 2 years | 10 km | Ecological Intactness Index |
| Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) | Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) | Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) | The Protected Area Representativeness and Connectedness (PARC) indices measure the extent to which terrestrial protected areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), are ecologically representative and well-connected. | 2 years | 30 arc-sec | Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) | |
| Species Protection Index | Not yet available | Species Protection Index | The Species Protection Index (SPI) captures how adequately Protected Areas or Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures, i.e. conservation areas, conserve habitat and support the health and survival of species and their populations. | Annual | Unknown | Pending |
Target 4: Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts
Ensure urgent management actions to halt human-induced extinction of known threatened species and for the recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species, to significantly reduce extinction risk, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated species to maintain their adaptive potential, including through in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions to minimize human-wildlife conflict for coexistence.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 4: Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts. | Living Planet Index | Living Planet Index | Living Planet Index | The Living Planet Index is a multi-species indicator which tracks average changes in the relative abundance of species populations over time. | 2 years | N/A | Living Planet Index |
| Number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in medium or long-term conservation facilities | Not yet available | Number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in medium or long-term conservation facilities | The conservation of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture (GRFA) in medium- or long-term conservation facilities (ex situ, in genebanks) represents the most trusted means of conserving genetic resources worldwide. Plant and animal GRFA conserved in these facilities can be easily used in breeding programmes as well, even directly on-farm. The measure of trends in ex situ conserved materials provides an overall assessment of the extent to which we are managing to maintain and/or increase the total genetic diversity available for future use. | Annual | Stats by mandate (national, regional, international) | Number of unique plant genetic samples in conservation facilities | |
| Green Status of Species Index | Green Status of Species Index | Current metadata mentioned that the Green Status of Species Index is currently in development. The year of availability is not currently known, though the aim is to be fully developed and available by 2025 at the latest. | |||||
| Human-wildlife conflict indicator | No data currently available | ||||||
| Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction | Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction | The indicator presents the percentage of local livestock breeds among local breeds with known risk status classified as being at risk of extinction at a certain moment in time, as well as the trends for this percentage. | Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction | ||
Target 5: Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species
Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spill-over, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 5: Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species. | Living Planet Index for utilized species | Not yet available | Living Planet Index (utilized species) | The use of wildlife supports many people for their food, medicine, and livelihoods. Ensuring that this use is sustainable is central to conservation to ensure the persistence of species alongside continued utilization by people. Using more than 11,000 wildlife population trends from the Living Planet Index, the authors conducted a global analysis of local-scale data to better understand how wildlife populations respond to utilization. | 2 years | N/A | Living Planet Index for utilized species |
| Degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing | Degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing | Progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. | Annual | Country-level stats | Degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing |
Target 7: Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity
Reduce pollution risks and the negative impact of pollution from all sources, by 2030, to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, considering cumulative effects, including: reducing excess nutrients lost to the environment by at least half including through more efficient nutrient cycling and use; reducing the overall risk from pesticides and highly hazardous chemicals by at least half including through integrated pest management, based on science, taking into account food security and livelihoods; and also preventing, reducing, and working towards eliminating plastic pollution.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Target 7: Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity. |
Cropland nutrient budget | Cropland nutrient budget | The Cropland Nutrient Budget domain contains information on the flows of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from synthetic fertilizer, manure applied to soils, atmospheric deposition, crop removal, and biological fixation over cropland and per unit area of cropland. The flows are aggregated to total inputs and total outputs, from which the overall nutrient budget and nutrient use efficiency on cropland are calculated. Statistics are disseminated in units of tonnes and in kg/ha, as appropriate. Nutrient use efficiency is expressed as a fraction (%). Data are available by country, with global coverage relative to the period 1961–2020, with annual updates. | Annual | Country-level stats | Cropland nutrient budget |
|
| Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flow safely treated | Not yet available | Proportion of domestic wastewater that is safely treated | Proportion of wastewater flows from households that are treated and discharged in compliance with national and local standards (or in the absence of such data, treated by secondary or higher processes). Includes household wastewater transferred through sewers to a wastewater treatment plant, released into an on-site treatment system, and released into an on-site system for which fecal sludge is emptied and transported to a treatment plant. | Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flow safely treated |
|
| Floating plastic debris density | Floating plastic debris density | The indicator 14.1.1b “Plastic debris density” includes potential measurement of plastics washed onto beaches or shorelines, floating on the water or in the water column, deposited on the seafloor/seabed, as well as ingested by biota. It is also important to monitor information on waste management and sources of plastic pollution for understanding plastic pollution. | Unknown | Country-level stats | Floating plastic debris density | ||
| Red List Index (impact of pollution) | The RLI (impacts of pollution) is based on data from the IUCN Red List, specifically the number of species in each Red List category of extinction risk, and the number moving categories between assessments owing to genuine improvement or deterioration in status driven by impacts of pollution or its control. All other changes are excluded, whether from improved knowledge or genuine impacts of other threats or their control. | Annual | Country-level stats | Pending |
Target 8: Minimize the Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Build Resilience
Minimize the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimizing negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 8: Minimize the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and build resilience. | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) |
Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) | The Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) measures the capacity of landscapes to retain species diversity in the face of climate change, as a function of the area, connectivity, and integrity of natural ecosystems across those landscapes. The indicator assesses the extent to which any given spatial configuration of natural habitat will promote or hinder climate-induced shifts in biological distributions. It does this by analyzing the functional connectivity of each grid-cell of natural habitat to areas of habitat in the surrounding landscape which are projected to support a similar assemblage of species under climate change to that currently associated with the cell of interest. | 5 years | 30 arc-sec | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) |
Target 9: Manage Wild Species Sustainably To Benefit People
Ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, thereby providing social, economic, and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most dependent on biodiversity, including through sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products, and services that enhance biodiversity, and protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 9: Manage Wild Species Sustainably to Benefit People. | Living Planet Index for utilized species | Not yet available | Living Planet Index (utilized species) | The use of wildlife supports many people for their food, medicine, and livelihoods. Ensuring that this use is sustainable is central to conservation to ensure the persistence of species alongside continued utilization by people. Using more than 11,000 wildlife population trends from the Living Planet Index, the authors conducted a global analysis of local-scale data to better understand how wildlife populations respond to utilization. | 2 years | N/A | Living Planet Index for utilized species |
Target 10: Enhance Biodiversity and Sustainability in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Forestry
Ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial increase of the application of biodiversity-friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity, and maintaining nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 10: Enhance Biodiversity and Sustainability in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Forestry. | Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status | Not yet available | Average income of small-scale food producers | Average income of small-scale food producers employed in the farming, pastoral, and forestry sectors. | Annual | Country-level stats | Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status |
Target 11: Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People.
Restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination, and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 11: Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People | Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g., PM2.5 and PM10) in cities | Not yet available | Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (WHO) | The mean annual concentration of fine suspended particles of less than 2.5 microns in diameter is a common measure of air pollution. The mean is a population-weighted average for the urban population in a country. | 2-3 years | Country-level stats | Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (WHO) |
| Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality | Not yet available | Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality | Percentage of monitored water bodies in a country with good ambient water quality. The overall national indicator score is based on water body type (river, lake, or groundwater) and by reporting basin districts. | 3 years | Country-level stats | Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality |
|
| Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources | Not yet available | Level of water stress (SDG 6.4.2) by major river basin | Level of water stress (SDG 6.4.2) by major river basin - AQUASTAT (FAO). This map provides a global representation of the level of water stress spatially disaggregated by major river basin. | Annual | N/A | Level of water stress (SDG 6.4.2) by major river basin |
Target 13: Increase the Sharing of Benefits From Genetic Resources, Digital Sequence Information and Traditional Knowledge
Take effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures at all levels, as appropriate, to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilization of genetic resources and from digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, and facilitating appropriate access to genetic resources, and by 2030 facilitating a significant increase of the benefits shared, in accordance with applicable international access and benefit-sharing instruments.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 13: Increase the Sharing of Benefits From Genetic Resources, Digital Sequence Information, and Traditional Knowledge | Total number of internationally recognized certificates published in the Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House | Total number of internationally recognized certificates published in the Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House | An Internationally Recognized Certificate of Compliance (IRCC) indicates that material has been obtained in accordance with national laws on access and benefit-sharing. The Clearing House generates the permit based on information provided by the relevant authority in the provider country. | Unknown | Country-level stats | Pending |
Target 14: Integrate Biodiversity in Decision-Making at Every Level
Ensure the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments and, as appropriate, national accounting, within and across all levels of government and across all sectors, in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity, progressively aligning all relevant public and private activities, fiscal and financial flows with the goals and targets of this framework.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 14: Integrate Biodiversity in Decision-Making at Every Level | Integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.9.1b) | Integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.9.1b) | The indicator measures progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020: By 2020, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes, and are being incorporated into national accounting and reporting systems. | Unknown | Country-level stats | View data |
Target 15: Businesses Assess, Disclose and Reduce Biodiversity-Related Risks and Negative Impacts
Take legal, administrative or policy measures to encourage and enable business, and in particular to ensure that large and transnational companies and financial institutions:
(a) Regularly monitor, assess, and transparently disclose their risks, dependencies and impacts on biodiversity, including with requirements for all large as well as transnational companies and financial institutions along their operations, supply and value chains and portfolios;
(b) Provide information needed to consumers to promote sustainable consumption patterns;
(c) Report on compliance with access and benefit-sharing regulations and measures, as applicable;
in order to progressively reduce negative impacts on biodiversity, increase positive impacts, reduce biodiversity-related risks to business and financial institutions, and promote actions to ensure sustainable patterns of production.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 15: Businesses Assess, Disclose and Reduce Biodiversity-Related Risks and Negative Impacts | Number of companies publishing sustainability reports | Number of companies publishing sustainability reports | For the purposes of this indicator, ‘sustainability reports’ will not be limited to stand-alone sustainability reports produced by companies, but will be considered as ‘reporting sustainability information’ and expanded to other forms of reporting sustainability information, such as publishing sustainability information as part of the company’s annual reports or reporting sustainability information to the national government. This is to ensure that the focus of the indicator is on tracking the publishing of sustainability information, rather than on the practice of publishing stand-alone sustainability reports. It also ensures that the indicator interpretation is aligned with the wording of Target 12.6 which refers to promoting “the integration of sustainability information into the annual reporting cycle of companies” | Unknown | Country-level stats | View data |
Target 16: Enable Sustainable Consumption Choices To Reduce Waste and Overconsumption
Ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices, including by establishing supportive policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks, improving education and access to relevant and accurate information and alternatives, and by 2030, reduce the global footprint of consumption in an equitable manner, including through halving global food waste, significantly reducing overconsumption, and substantially reducing waste generation, in order for all people to live well in harmony with Mother Earth.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 16: Enable Sustainable Consumption Choices to Reduce Waste and Overconsumption | Food waste index | Not yet available | Food waste index | The Food Waste Index measures food waste at retail and consumer level (households and food service). The Food Waste Index allows countries to measure and report on food loss generated in manufacturing processes, which would not be captured under key commodity losses by the Food Loss Index. | Unknown | Country-level stats | Food waste index |
| Material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP | Not yet available | Material footprint per capita | Material Footprint (MF) is the attribution of global material extraction to domestic final demand of a country. The total material footprint is the sum of the material footprint for biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and non-metallic minerals. | 2–3 years | Country-level stats | Material footprint per capita | |
| Ecological footprint | Ecological footprint | Ecological footprint |
Direct anthropogenic threats to biodiversity include habitat loss or damage, resource overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. These direct threats are the result of more distant, indirect drivers of biodiversity loss arising from consumption of resources and the generation of waste. The ultimate drivers of threats to biodiversity are human demands for food, fiber and timber, water, energy, and area on which to build infrastructure. The Ecological Footprint measures the pressure such demands place on the regenerative capacity of productive ecosystems, measured through a sister indicator called biocapacity. The main aim of Ecological Footprint methodology is to promote recognition of ecological limits. This recognition should help safeguard the ecosystems’ viability (such as healthy forests, clean air, fertile soils, and biodiversity) and life-supporting services. |
Annual | Country-level stats | Ecological Footprint |
Target 18: Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity
Identify by 2025, and eliminate, phase out or reform incentives, including subsidies, harmful for biodiversity, in a proportionate, just, fair, effective and equitable way, while substantially and progressively reducing them by at least 500 billion United States dollars per year by 2030, starting with the most harmful incentives, and scale up positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Target 18: Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity |
Monetary value of payments for ecosystem services | Monetary value of payments for ecosystem services | Payments for ecosystem services (PES) can be defined as: (1) voluntary transactions (2) between service users (3) and service providers (4) that are conditional on agreed rules of natural resource management (5) for generating offsite services (Wunder, 2015). PES are based on the user- or beneficiary-pays approach | Annual | Country-level stats | Pending | |
| Monetary value of biodiversity offsets | Monetary value of biodiversity offsets | Biodiversity offsets are conservation actions intended to compensate for residual, unavoidable impacts of development projects, after prevention and mitigation measures have taken place. Biodiversity offsets are based on the polluter pays principle. | Annual | Country-level stats | Pending |
Target 20: Strengthen Capacity-Building, Technology Transfer, and Scientific and Technical Cooperation for Biodiversity
Strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including through South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation, to meet the needs for effective implementation, particularly in developing countries, fostering joint technology development and joint scientific research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and strengthening scientific research and monitoring capacities, commensurate with the ambition of the goals and targets of the framework.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 20: Strengthen Capacity-Building, Technology Transfer, and Scientific and Technical Cooperation for Biodiversity | Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies | Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies | SDG Indicator 17.7.1. Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) are technologies that have the potential for significantly improved environmental performance relative to other technologies. ESTs protect the environment, are less polluting, use resources in a sustainable manner, recycle more of their wastes and products, and handle all residual wastes in a more environmentally acceptable way than the technologies for which they are substitutes. ESTs are not just individual technologies. They can also be defined as total systems that include know-how, procedures, goods and services, and equipment, as well as organizational and managerial procedures for promoting environmental sustainability. This means that any attempt to provide an assessment of investment into ESTs on either a global or national level must incorporate ways to track funding flows into both hard and soft technologies. | 2 years | Country-level stats | Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies |
Target 21: Ensure That Knowledge Is Available and Accessible To Guide Biodiversity Action
Ensure that the best available data, information and knowledge, are accessible to decision makers, practitioners and the public to guide effective and equitable governance, integrated and participatory management of biodiversity, and to strengthen communication, awareness-raising, education, monitoring, research and knowledge management and, also in this context, traditional knowledge, innovations, practices and technologies of indigenous peoples and local communities should only be accessed with their free, prior and informed consent[1], in accordance with national legislation.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 21: Ensure That Knowledge Is Available and Accessible To Guide Biodiversity Action. | Species Information Index | Not yet available | Species Status Information Index (SSII) | For a given species, the Species Information Index (SII) captures how well existing data covers the species’ expected range. At the species level, the SII can be computed across the entirety of the species’ expected range, ignoring national boundaries, or separately within each nation where it is expected to occur. | Annual | Unknown | Pending |
Complementary indicators, as set out in Decision 15/5, are “a list of optional indicators for thematic or in-depth analysis of each goal and target which may be applicable at global, regional, national, and subnational levels.” Below, complementary indicators were included on an ad hoc basis; this is not a comprehensive list of the spatial data that can be used for calculation of complementary indicators as set out in the indicator metadata associated with Decision 15/5, which is available on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Indicators website and in CBD/COP/16/INF/3/Rev.1.
Goal A: Protect and Restore
The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Goal A: The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential. |
Rate of tree cover loss | Not yet available | Tree Cover Loss | This data is a collaboration between the GLAD (Global Land Analysis & Discovery) lab at the University of Maryland, Google, USGS, and NASA, measuring areas of tree cover loss across all global land (except Antarctica and other Arctic islands). The data were generated using multispectral satellite imagery from the Landsat 5 thematic mapper (TM), the Landsat 7 thematic mapper plus (ETM+), and the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensors. Over 1 million satellite images were processed and analyzed, including over 600,000 Landsat 7 images for the 2000–2012 interval, and more than 400,000 Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images for updates for the 2011–2022 interval. The clear land surface observations in the satellite images were assembled and a supervised learning algorithm was applied to identify per pixel tree cover loss. | Annual | 30m | Tree Cover Loss |
| Mangrove extent | Global Mangrove Watch (SDG 6.6.1 Indicator) | The layers shown here indicate the global extent of mangrove forests in the years 1996, 2007–2010, 2015–2020, as well as changes in mangrove extent over the period 1996–2020. | Annual | N/A | Global Mangrove Watch (SDG 6.6.1 Indicator) | ||
| Global saltmarsh extent | Not yet available | Global Distribution of Saltmarshes | This dataset displays the extent of our knowledge regarding the distribution of saltmarshes globally, drawing from occurrence data (surveyed and/or remotely sensed). The dataset was developed to provide a baseline inventory of the extent of our knowledge regarding the global distribution of saltmarshes, which are ecosystems located in the intertidal zone of sheltered marine and estuarine coastlines. These ecosystems comprise brackish, shallow water with salt-tolerant plants such as herbs, grasses and shrubs, and are commonly found at temperate and high latitudes. Saltmarshes are of ecological importance as they underpin the estuarine food web. In particular, saltmarshes serve as nesting, nursery and feeding grounds for numerous species of birds, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, including commercially important fish species such as herring (Clupea harengus), and are also home to a number of Endangered and Critically Endangered species. | Unknown | N/A | Global Distribution of Saltmarshes | |
| Forest Landscape Integrity Index | Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) | The Forest Landscape Integrity Index integrates data on observed and inferred forest pressures and lost forest connectivity to generate the first globally-consistent, continuous index of forest integrity as determined by degree of anthropogenic modification. The result is a globally applicable, continuous-measure map of landscape-level forest integrity (hereafter, integrity), which offers a timely indicator of the status and management needs of Earth’s remaining forests. | Unknown | 300m | Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) | ||
| Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) | The Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) measures the capacity of landscapes to retain species diversity in the face of climate change, as a function of the area, connectivity and integrity of natural ecosystems across those landscapes. The indicator assesses the extent to which any given spatial configuration of natural habitat will promote or hinder climate-induced shifts in biological distributions. It does this by analyzing the functional connectivity of each grid-cell of natural habitat to areas of habitat in the surrounding landscape which are projected to support a similar assemblage of species under climate change to that currently associated with the cell of interest. | 5 years | 30 arc-sec | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) |
1 N/A refers to data that are points or polygons vector layers.
2 Unknown refers to data that are raster layers where the spatial resolution of the data is unknown.
3 Methodology for calculating the indicator is under development and review by the AHTEG on Indicators. Current metadata suggests these data may be suitable for indicator calculation.
Acknowlegment: The development of this page was funded by the Global Environment Facility through the UNDP-led component of the Global Biodiversity Framework Early Action Support Project and by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
Headline indicators, as set out in Decision 15/5, are “a minimum set of high-level indicators, which capture the overall scope of the goals and targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to be used for planning and tracking progress. They are nationally, regionally and globally relevant indicators validated by Parties. These indicators can also be used for communication purposes.” Here we present a comprehensive list of spatial data that can be used for calculation of headline indicators as set out in the indicator metadata associated with Decision 15/5, which is available on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Indicators website and in CBD/COP/16/INF/3/Rev.1
Goal A: Protect and Restore
The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal A: The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential. | A.1 Red List of Ecosystems | A.1 Red List of Ecosystems | Red List of Ecosystems | The Red List of Ecosystems framework assesses the relative risk of ecosystem collapse of an ecosystem type. The indicator ‘Red List Index of Ecosystems (RLIe)’ measures the average risk of ecosystem collapse of a group of ecosystems and allows for tracking change over time, based on genuine change in the risk category of each ecosystem. | 5 years | N/A | Pending |
| A.2 Extent of natural ecosystems | A.2 Extent of natural ecosystems | Status 3. Methods developed (or partially developed) and tested/piloted, but data not yet widely available (and/or collection not yet underway). (Indicator/methodology maintained by an organization(s)). | |||||
| A.3 Red List Index | A.3 Red List Index | Red List Index | The Red List Index measures change in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. It is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is expressed as changes in an index ranging from 0 to 1. | 5 years | Country-level stats | Red List Index | |
Goal B: Prosper with Nature
Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal B: Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050. | B.1 Services provided by ecosystem | Status 3. Methods developed (or partially developed) and tested/piloted, but data not yet widely available (and/or collection not yet underway). (Indicator/methodology maintained by an organization(s)). | |||||
Goal D: Invest and Collaborate
Adequate means of implementation, including financial resources, capacity-building, technical and scientific cooperation, and access to and transfer of technology to fully implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework are secured and equitably accessible to all Parties, especially developing country Parties, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, progressively closing the biodiversity finance gap of $700 billion per year, and aligning financial flows with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the 2050 Vision for biodiversity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for Indicator Calculation | Global Data Available | Global Data Description | Frequency of Update for Global Data | Resolution of Global Data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal D: Adequate means of implementation, including financial resources, capacity-building, technical and scientific cooperation, and access to and transfer of technology to fully implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework are secured and equitably accessible to all Parties, especially developing country Parties, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, progressively closing the biodiversity finance gap of $700 billion per year, and aligning financial flows with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the 2050 Vision for biodiversity. | D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems | D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance (ODA) for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems |
Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor countries | The indicator measures the gross disbursements of total Official Development Assistance (ODA) from all donors for biodiversity. Data are also available in constant prices for commitments undertaken by donors, which signal a signed agreement to fund a particular activity. The data includes information on capacity development type of activities (e.g., technical assistance, scholarships, etc.). | Annual | Country-level stats | Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor countries |
Target 1: Plan and Manage all Areas To Reduce Biodiversity Loss
Ensure that all areas are under participatory, integrated, and biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or effective management processes addressing land and sea use change, to bring the loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero by 2030, while respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 1: Plan and Manage all Areas To Reduce Biodiversity Loss | A.1 Red List of Ecosystems | A.1 Red List of Ecosystems | Red List of Ecosystems |
The Red List of Ecosystems framework assesses the relative risk of ecosystem collapse of an ecosystem type. The indicator ‘Red List Index of Ecosystems (RLIe)’ measures the average risk of ecosystem collapse of a group of ecosystems and allows for tracking change over time, based on genuine change in the risk category of each ecosystem. The RLIe can be calculated for any set of ecosystem types for which there are Red List of Ecosystems assessments. It can thus be calculated at the country level or at the global level, or for broad ecosystem groups (such as forests). |
5 years | Unknown | Pending |
| A.2 Extent of natural ecosystems | A.2 Extent of natural ecosystems | Status 3. Methods developed (or partially developed) and tested/piloted, but data not yet widely available (and/or collection not yet underway). (Indicator/methodology maintained by an organization(s)). | |||||
| 1.1 Percentage of land and seas covered by biodiversity-inclusive spatial plans | 1.1 Percentage of land and seas covered by biodiversity-inclusive spatial plans | Status 1: Methods not yet developed, and a process needs to be to develop these. | |||||
Target 2: Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems
Ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 2: Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems. | 2.1 Area under restoration | 2.1 Area under restoration |
FERM (Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring) | At the moment, there is no mechanism for collecting area-based information on ecosystem restoration. FAO and key partners from the Monitoring Task Force of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration have defined a draft methodology for data collection, compilation, and reporting. The proposed workflow consists of four main elements: data compilation, country validation, reporting and capacity development. The primary platforms and reporting mechanisms for collecting information on restoration areas identified by the Working Group include the Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring (FERM), and others. Restoration initiatives, led by public entities, private sector, civil society and individuals can share area-based data and additional parameters for reporting area under restoration through any of the key identified platforms. FAO will compile data from the key platforms and harmonize the data through the FERM registry. | Unknown | N/A | Pending |
Target 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas
Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing indigenous and traditional territories where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas. | 3.1 Coverage of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures | 3.1 Coverage of protected areas and OECMs (Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures) | World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (WDPCA) | Coverage by ecosystem component: The indicator shows the total percentage coverage of terrestrial and marine areas by protected areas and OECMs at the global level. | Monthly | N/A1 | World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (WDPCA) |
Target 4: Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts
Ensure urgent management actions to halt human induced extinction of known threatened species and for the recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species, to significantly reduce extinction risk, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated species to maintain their adaptive potential, including through in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions to minimize human-wildlife conflict for coexistence.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 4: Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts. | A.3 Red List Index | A.3 Red List Index | Red List Index | The Red List Index measures change in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. It is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is expressed as changes in an index ranging from 0 to 1. | 5 Years | Country-level stats | Red List Index |
Target 5: Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species
Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spill-over, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 5: Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species. | 5.1 Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels | 5.1 Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels |
Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels | Measures the sustainability of the world's marine capture fisheries by the abundance of the exploited fish stocks with respect to Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) levels. For each level of reporting (National, Regional, Global), the indicator is calculated as the ratio between the number of exploited fish stocks classified as "within biologically sustainable levels" and the total number of stocks in the Reference List that were classified with a determined status (within/not within "biologically sustainable levels"). | Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels |
Target 7: Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity
Reduce pollution risks and the negative impact of pollution from all sources, by 2030, to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, considering cumulative effects, including: reducing excess nutrients lost to the environment by at least half including through more efficient nutrient cycling and use; reducing the overall risk from pesticides and highly hazardous chemicals by at least half including through integrated pest management, based on science, taking into account food security and livelihoods; and also preventing, reducing, and working towards eliminating plastic pollution.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 7: Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity | 7.1 Index of coastal eutrophication potential | 7.1 Index of coastal eutrophication potential |
Chlorophyll-a anomalies | Level 1: This sub-indicator evaluates the intra-annual changes in chlorophyll-a concentration anomalies in each Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and territorial sea using the NOAA VIIRS chlorophyll-a ratio anomaly product produced daily for the globe at 2 km spatial resolution. The daily global VIIRS chlorophyll-a concentrations are produced from the NOAA Multi-Sensor Level 1 to Level 2 (MSL12) processing of the VIIRS sensor on the Suomi SNPP satellite. | Daily | 2 km | Chlorophyll-a anomalies |
| Chlorophyll-a deviation | The indicator aims to measure the contribution to coastal eutrophication from countries and the state of coastal eutrophication. Therefore, two levels of indicators are recommended. This data is Level 1: Globally available data from earth observations and modeling. Chlorophyll-A deviation modeling. | Monthly | 4 km | Chlorophyll-a deviation |
Target 9: Manage Wild Species Sustainably To Benefit People
Ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, thereby providing social, economic and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most dependent on biodiversity, including through sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products and services that enhance biodiversity, and protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update | Resolution | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 9: Manage Wild Species Sustainably to Benefit People | 9.1 Benefits from the sustainable use of wild species | 9.1 Benefits from the sustainable use of wild species | Status 1: Methods not yet developed, and a process needs to be established to develop these. | ||||
Target 10: Enhance Biodiversity and Sustainability in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Forestry
Ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial increase of the application of biodiversity-friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity and maintaining nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 10: Enhance Biodiversity and Sustainability in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Forestry | 10.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture | 10.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture | Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture |
Headline indicator 10.1 measures the Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture. It corresponds to SDG indicator 2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture. This indicator is defined by the formula: Area under productive and sustainable agriculture / Agricultural land area Where the numerator corresponds to agricultural land area of the farms that satisfy the sustainability criteria of the 11 sub-indicators and the denominator is the sum of a country’s total agricultural land area. The scope of the indicator is land used primarily to grow crops and raise livestock. |
Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture |
| 10.2 Progress towards sustainable forest management | 10.2 Progress towards sustainable forest management | Proportion of forest with a long-term management plan |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of forest with a long-term management plan | |
| Forest area under an independently verified forest management certification scheme |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Forest area under an independently verified forest management certification scheme | |||
| Proportion of forest area within legally established protected areas |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of forest area within legally established protected areas | |||
| Above-ground biomass in forest |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Above-ground biomass in forest | |||
| Annual forest area change rate |
Headline Indicator 10.2 measures Progress towards Sustainable Forest Management. It corresponds to SDG indicator 15.2.1 - Progress towards sustainable forest management. This indicator monitors progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) globally through five sub-indicators to capture multiple dimensions of sustainable forest management.
|
Annual | Country-level stats | Annual forest area change rate |
Target 11: Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People.
Restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 11: Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People | B.1: Services provided by ecosystems* | B.1 Services provided by ecosystems* | Status 3. Methods developed (or partially developed) and tested/piloted, but data not yet widely available (and/or collection not yet underway). Indicator/Methodology maintained by an organization(s) | ||||
Target 12: Enhance Green Spaces and Urban Planning for Human Well-Being and Biodiversity
Significantly increase the area, quality, and connectivity of, access to, and benefits from green and blue spaces in urban and densely populated areas sustainably, by mainstreaming the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and ensure biodiversity-inclusive urban planning, enhancing native biodiversity, ecological connectivity and integrity, improving human health and well-being, and contributing to inclusive and sustainable urbanization and the provision of ecosystem functions and services.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 12: Enhance Green Spaces and Urban Planning for Human Well-Being and Biodiversity | 12.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is green/blue space for public use for all | 12.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is green/blue space for public use for all | Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities | The following is the definition of the SDG 11.7.1 indicator, and consequently there could be small variations in the definition for the “Average share of the built-up area of cities that is green/blue space for public use for all”. Indicator 11.7.1 has several important concepts that required global consultations and consensus. These include built-up area, cities, open spaces for public use, etc. As a custodian agency, UN-Habitat has worked on these concepts along with several other partners. | Annual | Country-level stats | Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities |
Target 18: Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity
Identify by 2025, and eliminate, phase out or reform incentives, including subsidies, harmful for biodiversity, in a proportionate, just, fair, effective and equitable way, while substantially and progressively reducing them by at least 500 billion United States dollars per year by 2030, starting with the most harmful incentives, and scale up positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 18: Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity | 18.1 Positive incentives in place to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use | 18.1 Positive incentives in place to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use |
Policy Instruments for the Environment (PINE) | Definition of positive incentives for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use: Positive incentives, or incentive-based mechanisms or economic instruments, are the set of policy instruments that are based on providing incentives for producers and consumers to behave in a more sustainable way. Economic instruments are fiscal and other economic incentives to incorporate environmental costs (and benefits) into production and consumption. The objective is to encourage environmentally sound and efficient production and consumption through full-cost pricing. In contrast to more traditional command-and-control approaches (e.g., restrictions on access or use, standards, etc.), economic instruments can in theory meet a given environmental objective at a lower total economic cost. | Annual | Country-level stats | Policy Instruments for the Environment (PINE) |
Target 19: Mobilize $200 Billion per Year for Biodiversity From all Sources, Including $30 Billion Through International Finance
Substantially and progressively increase the level of financial resources from all sources, in an effective, timely and easily accessible manner, including domestic, international, public and private resources, in accordance with Article 20 of the Convention, to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans, by 2030 mobilizing at least 200 billion United States dollars per year.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 19: Mobilize $200 Billion per Year for Biodiversity From all Sources, Including $30 Billion Through International Finance | D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance (ODA) for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems |
D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance (ODA) for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems |
Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor countries | The indicator measures the gross disbursements of total Official Development Assistance (ODA) from all donors for biodiversity. Data is also available in constant prices for commitments undertaken by donors, which signal a signed agreement to fund a particular activity. The data includes information on capacity development type of activities (e.g. technical assistance, scholarships, etc). | Annual | Country-level stats | Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor countries |
Target 21: Ensure That Knowledge Is Available and Accessible To Guide Biodiversity Action
Ensure that the best available data, information, and knowledge are accessible to decision makers, practitioners, and the public to guide effective and equitable governance, integrated and participatory management of biodiversity, and to strengthen communication, awareness-raising, education, monitoring, research, and knowledge management. In this context, traditional knowledge, innovations, practices, and technologies of indigenous peoples and local communities should only be accessed with their free, prior, and informed consent, in accordance with national legislation.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 21: Ensure That Knowledge Is Available and Accessible to Guide Biodiversity Action | 21.1 Indicator on biodiversity information for monitoring the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework | 21.1 Indicator on biodiversity information for the monitoring the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework | Status 2: Methods not yet developed, but a process is underway to develop them, led by one or more organisations. | ||||
Component indicators, as set out in Decision 15/5, are “a list of optional indicators that, together with the headline indicators, cover components of the goals and targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework which may apply at the global, regional, national, and subnational levels.” Here we present a comprehensive list of spatial data that can be used for calculation of component indicators as set out in the indicator metadata associated with Decision 15/5, which is available on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Indicators website and in CBD/COP/16/INF/3/Rev.1.
Goal A: Protect and Restore
The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species, is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Goal A: The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential. |
Ecosystem Intactness Index | Not yet available | Ecological Intactness Index | Human activities are altering natural areas worldwide. While our ability to map these activities at fine scales is improving, a simplistic binary characterization of habitat and non-habitat with a focus on change in habitat extent has dominated conservation assessments across different spatial scales. Here, the authors provide Ecological Intactness Index metric that captures both habitat loss, and fragmentation effects which, when combined, are called intactness. | Annual | 1 km | Ecological Intactness Index |
| Ecosystem Integrity Index | Not yet available | Ecosystem Integrity Index | The Ecosystem Integrity Index (EII). The index provides a simple, yet scientifically robust, way of measuring, and reporting on ecosystem integrity at any geographical scale. It is formed of three components, structure, composition, and function, and measured against a natural (current potential) baseline on a scale of 0 to 1 | Unknown | 1 km2 | Pending | |
| Species Habitat Index | Not yet available | Species Habitat Index | The Species Habitat Index (SHI) measures changes in ecosystem integrity through health of their species populations and the associated processes and functions of ecological communities. The index captures alterations to the quality and connectivity of habitats at the level of single species and at fine spatial scale, addressing single square kilometer assemblages. When aggregated over a larger geographic unit (e.g., landscape, seascape, mountain region, ecological region, or country), SHI can provide a compound measure of an area’s ecological integrity and connectivity. When evaluated over species’ geographic ranges, the SHI also informs about trends in the health of species populations and potential changes in their genetic diversity | Annual | 1 km2 | Pending | |
| Biodiversity Habitat Index | Biodiversity Habitat Index | Biodiversity Habitat Index | The Biodiversity Habitat Index (BHI) estimates the level of species diversity expected to be within any given spatial reporting unit (e.g. a country, a biome, an ecosystem type, or the entire planet) as a function of the area, and integrity of natural ecosystems across that unit. Results for the indicator can be expressed as either: 1) the ‘effective proportion of habitat’ remaining within the unit – adjusting for the effects of the condition and functional connectivity of that habitat, and of spatial variation in the species composition of ecological communities (beta diversity); or 2) the proportion of species expected to persist (i.e. avoid extinction) over the long term, predicted as a simple species-area based function of the effective proportion of habitat remaining. | 5 years | 30 arc-sec | Biodiversity Habitat Index | |
| Connected index | Not yet available | Protected Area Connectivity | ProtConn, an indicator of the connectivity of Protected Areas (PAs) systems that improves the detail and comprehensiveness of previous related assessments mainly by depicting different categories of land through which movement between protected locations may occur, including the assessment of the contribution of transboundary PAs to connectivity. | 2 years | 10 km | Protected Area Connectivity | |
| Protected Area Representativeness & Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) | Protected Area Representativeness & Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) | Protected Area Representativeness & Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) | The Protected Area Representativeness and Connectedness (PARC) indices measure the extent to which terrestrial protected areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), are ecologically representative, and well-connected. | 2 years | 30 arc-sec | Protected Area Representativeness & Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) | |
| Number of extinctions averted | Not yet available | Number of extinctions averted | The authors identified a list of bird and mammal species for which conservation action prevented extinction by: (a) identifying candidate species that could plausibly have gone extinct (i.e., the death of the last individual in the wild) without conservation action; (b) documenting for these species the key information needed to evaluate whether the actions implemented could plausibly have prevented their extinction; (c) using a Delphi technique to estimate the probability that each candidate species would have gone extinct in a counterfactual scenario without conservation action; and (d) retaining species with a high probability that conservation action prevented their extinction. They combined their results with the number of known extinctions to quantify the effect of conservation action on observed extinction rates. | Unknown | Country-level stats | Number of extinctions averted | |
| Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered index | Not yet available | Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered index | The EDGE index uses available extinction risk data for the world's most evolutionarily distinct and threatened species to provide explicit monitoring of documented extinctions and increases and decreases of extinction risk category on the IUCN Red List through time for these irreplaceable sets of species. | Unknown | Unknown | Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered index | |
| Living Planet Index | Living Planet Index | Living Planet Index | The Living Planet Index is a multi-species indicator which tracks average changes in the relative abundance of species populations over time. | 2 years | N/A | Living Planet Index |
Goal B: Prosper with Nature
Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal B: Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050. | Living Planet Index for utilized species | Not yet available | Living Planet Index (utilized species) | The use of wildlife supports many people for their food, medicine, and livelihoods. Ensuring that this use is sustainable is central to conservation to ensure the persistence of species alongside continued utilization by people. Using more than 11,000 wildlife population trends from the Living Planet Index, the authors conducted a global analysis of local-scale data to better understand how wildlife populations respond to utilization. | 2 years | N/A | View data |
Target 2: Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems
Ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 2: Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems. | Land degradation (Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.3.1) | N/A | Land degradation (Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.3.1) | SDG indicator 15.3.1 is a binary - degraded/not degraded - quantification based on the analysis of available data for three sub-indicators to be validated and reported by national authorities. The subindicators (Trends in Land Cover, Land Productivity and Carbon Stocks) were adopted by the UNCCD’s governing body in 2013 as part of its monitoring and evaluation approach. | 4 years | Unknown | Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area |
Target 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas
Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing indigenous and traditional territories where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas. | Protected Connected Index | Not yet available | Protected Area Connectivity | ProtConn, an indicator of the connectivity of Protected Areas (PAs) systems that improves the detail and comprehensiveness of previous related assessments mainly by depicting different categories of land through which movement between protected locations may occur, including the assessment of the contribution of transboundary PAs to connectivity. | 2 years | 10 km | Ecological Intactness Index |
| Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) | Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) | Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) | The Protected Area Representativeness and Connectedness (PARC) indices measure the extent to which terrestrial protected areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), are ecologically representative and well-connected. | 2 years | 30 arc-sec | Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) | |
| Species Protection Index | Not yet available | Species Protection Index | The Species Protection Index (SPI) captures how adequately Protected Areas or Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures, i.e. conservation areas, conserve habitat and support the health and survival of species and their populations. | Annual | Unknown | Pending |
Target 4: Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts
Ensure urgent management actions to halt human-induced extinction of known threatened species and for the recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species, to significantly reduce extinction risk, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated species to maintain their adaptive potential, including through in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions to minimize human-wildlife conflict for coexistence.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 4: Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts. | Living Planet Index | Living Planet Index | Living Planet Index | The Living Planet Index is a multi-species indicator which tracks average changes in the relative abundance of species populations over time. | 2 years | N/A | Living Planet Index |
| Number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in medium or long-term conservation facilities | Not yet available | Number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in medium or long-term conservation facilities | The conservation of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture (GRFA) in medium- or long-term conservation facilities (ex situ, in genebanks) represents the most trusted means of conserving genetic resources worldwide. Plant and animal GRFA conserved in these facilities can be easily used in breeding programmes as well, even directly on-farm. The measure of trends in ex situ conserved materials provides an overall assessment of the extent to which we are managing to maintain and/or increase the total genetic diversity available for future use. | Annual | Stats by mandate (national, regional, international) | Number of unique plant genetic samples in conservation facilities | |
| Green Status of Species Index | Green Status of Species Index | Current metadata mentioned that the Green Status of Species Index is currently in development. The year of availability is not currently known, though the aim is to be fully developed and available by 2025 at the latest. | |||||
| Human-wildlife conflict indicator | No data currently available | ||||||
| Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction | Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction | The indicator presents the percentage of local livestock breeds among local breeds with known risk status classified as being at risk of extinction at a certain moment in time, as well as the trends for this percentage. | Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction | ||
Target 5: Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species
Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spill-over, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 5: Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species. | Living Planet Index for utilized species | Not yet available | Living Planet Index (utilized species) | The use of wildlife supports many people for their food, medicine, and livelihoods. Ensuring that this use is sustainable is central to conservation to ensure the persistence of species alongside continued utilization by people. Using more than 11,000 wildlife population trends from the Living Planet Index, the authors conducted a global analysis of local-scale data to better understand how wildlife populations respond to utilization. | 2 years | N/A | Living Planet Index for utilized species |
| Degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing | Degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing | Progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. | Annual | Country-level stats | Degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing |
Target 7: Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity
Reduce pollution risks and the negative impact of pollution from all sources, by 2030, to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, considering cumulative effects, including: reducing excess nutrients lost to the environment by at least half including through more efficient nutrient cycling and use; reducing the overall risk from pesticides and highly hazardous chemicals by at least half including through integrated pest management, based on science, taking into account food security and livelihoods; and also preventing, reducing, and working towards eliminating plastic pollution.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Target 7: Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity. |
Cropland nutrient budget | Cropland nutrient budget | The Cropland Nutrient Budget domain contains information on the flows of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from synthetic fertilizer, manure applied to soils, atmospheric deposition, crop removal, and biological fixation over cropland and per unit area of cropland. The flows are aggregated to total inputs and total outputs, from which the overall nutrient budget and nutrient use efficiency on cropland are calculated. Statistics are disseminated in units of tonnes and in kg/ha, as appropriate. Nutrient use efficiency is expressed as a fraction (%). Data are available by country, with global coverage relative to the period 1961–2020, with annual updates. | Annual | Country-level stats | Cropland nutrient budget |
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| Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flow safely treated | Not yet available | Proportion of domestic wastewater that is safely treated | Proportion of wastewater flows from households that are treated and discharged in compliance with national and local standards (or in the absence of such data, treated by secondary or higher processes). Includes household wastewater transferred through sewers to a wastewater treatment plant, released into an on-site treatment system, and released into an on-site system for which fecal sludge is emptied and transported to a treatment plant. | Annual | Country-level stats | Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flow safely treated |
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| Floating plastic debris density | Floating plastic debris density | The indicator 14.1.1b “Plastic debris density” includes potential measurement of plastics washed onto beaches or shorelines, floating on the water or in the water column, deposited on the seafloor/seabed, as well as ingested by biota. It is also important to monitor information on waste management and sources of plastic pollution for understanding plastic pollution. | Unknown | Country-level stats | Floating plastic debris density | ||
| Red List Index (impact of pollution) | The RLI (impacts of pollution) is based on data from the IUCN Red List, specifically the number of species in each Red List category of extinction risk, and the number moving categories between assessments owing to genuine improvement or deterioration in status driven by impacts of pollution or its control. All other changes are excluded, whether from improved knowledge or genuine impacts of other threats or their control. | Annual | Country-level stats | Pending |
Target 8: Minimize the Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Build Resilience
Minimize the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimizing negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 8: Minimize the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and build resilience. | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) |
Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) | The Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) measures the capacity of landscapes to retain species diversity in the face of climate change, as a function of the area, connectivity, and integrity of natural ecosystems across those landscapes. The indicator assesses the extent to which any given spatial configuration of natural habitat will promote or hinder climate-induced shifts in biological distributions. It does this by analyzing the functional connectivity of each grid-cell of natural habitat to areas of habitat in the surrounding landscape which are projected to support a similar assemblage of species under climate change to that currently associated with the cell of interest. | 5 years | 30 arc-sec | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) |
Target 9: Manage Wild Species Sustainably To Benefit People
Ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, thereby providing social, economic, and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most dependent on biodiversity, including through sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products, and services that enhance biodiversity, and protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 9: Manage Wild Species Sustainably to Benefit People. | Living Planet Index for utilized species | Not yet available | Living Planet Index (utilized species) | The use of wildlife supports many people for their food, medicine, and livelihoods. Ensuring that this use is sustainable is central to conservation to ensure the persistence of species alongside continued utilization by people. Using more than 11,000 wildlife population trends from the Living Planet Index, the authors conducted a global analysis of local-scale data to better understand how wildlife populations respond to utilization. | 2 years | N/A | Living Planet Index for utilized species |
Target 10: Enhance Biodiversity and Sustainability in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Forestry
Ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial increase of the application of biodiversity-friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity, and maintaining nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 10: Enhance Biodiversity and Sustainability in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Forestry. | Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status | Not yet available | Average income of small-scale food producers | Average income of small-scale food producers employed in the farming, pastoral, and forestry sectors. | Annual | Country-level stats | Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status |
Target 11: Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People.
Restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination, and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 11: Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People | Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g., PM2.5 and PM10) in cities | Not yet available | Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (WHO) | The mean annual concentration of fine suspended particles of less than 2.5 microns in diameter is a common measure of air pollution. The mean is a population-weighted average for the urban population in a country. | 2-3 years | Country-level stats | Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (WHO) |
| Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality | Not yet available | Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality | Percentage of monitored water bodies in a country with good ambient water quality. The overall national indicator score is based on water body type (river, lake, or groundwater) and by reporting basin districts. | 3 years | Country-level stats | Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality |
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| Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources | Not yet available | Level of water stress (SDG 6.4.2) by major river basin | Level of water stress (SDG 6.4.2) by major river basin - AQUASTAT (FAO). This map provides a global representation of the level of water stress spatially disaggregated by major river basin. | Annual | N/A | Level of water stress (SDG 6.4.2) by major river basin |
Target 13: Increase the Sharing of Benefits From Genetic Resources, Digital Sequence Information and Traditional Knowledge
Take effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures at all levels, as appropriate, to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilization of genetic resources and from digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, and facilitating appropriate access to genetic resources, and by 2030 facilitating a significant increase of the benefits shared, in accordance with applicable international access and benefit-sharing instruments.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 13: Increase the Sharing of Benefits From Genetic Resources, Digital Sequence Information, and Traditional Knowledge | Total number of internationally recognized certificates published in the Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House | Total number of internationally recognized certificates published in the Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House | An Internationally Recognized Certificate of Compliance (IRCC) indicates that material has been obtained in accordance with national laws on access and benefit-sharing. The Clearing House generates the permit based on information provided by the relevant authority in the provider country. | Unknown | Country-level stats | Pending |
Target 14: Integrate Biodiversity in Decision-Making at Every Level
Ensure the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments and, as appropriate, national accounting, within and across all levels of government and across all sectors, in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity, progressively aligning all relevant public and private activities, fiscal and financial flows with the goals and targets of this framework.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 14: Integrate Biodiversity in Decision-Making at Every Level | Integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.9.1b) | Integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.9.1b) | The indicator measures progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020: By 2020, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes, and are being incorporated into national accounting and reporting systems. | Unknown | Country-level stats | View data |
Target 15: Businesses Assess, Disclose and Reduce Biodiversity-Related Risks and Negative Impacts
Take legal, administrative or policy measures to encourage and enable business, and in particular to ensure that large and transnational companies and financial institutions:
(a) Regularly monitor, assess, and transparently disclose their risks, dependencies and impacts on biodiversity, including with requirements for all large as well as transnational companies and financial institutions along their operations, supply and value chains and portfolios;
(b) Provide information needed to consumers to promote sustainable consumption patterns;
(c) Report on compliance with access and benefit-sharing regulations and measures, as applicable;
in order to progressively reduce negative impacts on biodiversity, increase positive impacts, reduce biodiversity-related risks to business and financial institutions, and promote actions to ensure sustainable patterns of production.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 15: Businesses Assess, Disclose and Reduce Biodiversity-Related Risks and Negative Impacts | Number of companies publishing sustainability reports | Number of companies publishing sustainability reports | For the purposes of this indicator, ‘sustainability reports’ will not be limited to stand-alone sustainability reports produced by companies, but will be considered as ‘reporting sustainability information’ and expanded to other forms of reporting sustainability information, such as publishing sustainability information as part of the company’s annual reports or reporting sustainability information to the national government. This is to ensure that the focus of the indicator is on tracking the publishing of sustainability information, rather than on the practice of publishing stand-alone sustainability reports. It also ensures that the indicator interpretation is aligned with the wording of Target 12.6 which refers to promoting “the integration of sustainability information into the annual reporting cycle of companies” | Unknown | Country-level stats | View data |
Target 16: Enable Sustainable Consumption Choices To Reduce Waste and Overconsumption
Ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices, including by establishing supportive policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks, improving education and access to relevant and accurate information and alternatives, and by 2030, reduce the global footprint of consumption in an equitable manner, including through halving global food waste, significantly reducing overconsumption, and substantially reducing waste generation, in order for all people to live well in harmony with Mother Earth.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 16: Enable Sustainable Consumption Choices to Reduce Waste and Overconsumption | Food waste index | Not yet available | Food waste index | The Food Waste Index measures food waste at retail and consumer level (households and food service). The Food Waste Index allows countries to measure and report on food loss generated in manufacturing processes, which would not be captured under key commodity losses by the Food Loss Index. | Unknown | Country-level stats | Food waste index |
| Material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP | Not yet available | Material footprint per capita | Material Footprint (MF) is the attribution of global material extraction to domestic final demand of a country. The total material footprint is the sum of the material footprint for biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and non-metallic minerals. | 2–3 years | Country-level stats | Material footprint per capita | |
| Ecological footprint | Ecological footprint | Ecological footprint |
Direct anthropogenic threats to biodiversity include habitat loss or damage, resource overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. These direct threats are the result of more distant, indirect drivers of biodiversity loss arising from consumption of resources and the generation of waste. The ultimate drivers of threats to biodiversity are human demands for food, fiber and timber, water, energy, and area on which to build infrastructure. The Ecological Footprint measures the pressure such demands place on the regenerative capacity of productive ecosystems, measured through a sister indicator called biocapacity. The main aim of Ecological Footprint methodology is to promote recognition of ecological limits. This recognition should help safeguard the ecosystems’ viability (such as healthy forests, clean air, fertile soils, and biodiversity) and life-supporting services. |
Annual | Country-level stats | Ecological Footprint |
Target 18: Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity
Identify by 2025, and eliminate, phase out or reform incentives, including subsidies, harmful for biodiversity, in a proportionate, just, fair, effective and equitable way, while substantially and progressively reducing them by at least 500 billion United States dollars per year by 2030, starting with the most harmful incentives, and scale up positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Target 18: Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity |
Monetary value of payments for ecosystem services | Monetary value of payments for ecosystem services | Payments for ecosystem services (PES) can be defined as: (1) voluntary transactions (2) between service users (3) and service providers (4) that are conditional on agreed rules of natural resource management (5) for generating offsite services (Wunder, 2015). PES are based on the user- or beneficiary-pays approach | Annual | Country-level stats | Pending | |
| Monetary value of biodiversity offsets | Monetary value of biodiversity offsets | Biodiversity offsets are conservation actions intended to compensate for residual, unavoidable impacts of development projects, after prevention and mitigation measures have taken place. Biodiversity offsets are based on the polluter pays principle. | Annual | Country-level stats | Pending |
Target 20: Strengthen Capacity-Building, Technology Transfer, and Scientific and Technical Cooperation for Biodiversity
Strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including through South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation, to meet the needs for effective implementation, particularly in developing countries, fostering joint technology development and joint scientific research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and strengthening scientific research and monitoring capacities, commensurate with the ambition of the goals and targets of the framework.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 20: Strengthen Capacity-Building, Technology Transfer, and Scientific and Technical Cooperation for Biodiversity | Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies | Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies | SDG Indicator 17.7.1. Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) are technologies that have the potential for significantly improved environmental performance relative to other technologies. ESTs protect the environment, are less polluting, use resources in a sustainable manner, recycle more of their wastes and products, and handle all residual wastes in a more environmentally acceptable way than the technologies for which they are substitutes. ESTs are not just individual technologies. They can also be defined as total systems that include know-how, procedures, goods and services, and equipment, as well as organizational and managerial procedures for promoting environmental sustainability. This means that any attempt to provide an assessment of investment into ESTs on either a global or national level must incorporate ways to track funding flows into both hard and soft technologies. | 2 years | Country-level stats | Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies |
Target 21: Ensure That Knowledge Is Available and Accessible To Guide Biodiversity Action
Ensure that the best available data, information and knowledge, are accessible to decision makers, practitioners and the public to guide effective and equitable governance, integrated and participatory management of biodiversity, and to strengthen communication, awareness-raising, education, monitoring, research and knowledge management and, also in this context, traditional knowledge, innovations, practices and technologies of indigenous peoples and local communities should only be accessed with their free, prior and informed consent[1], in accordance with national legislation.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 21: Ensure That Knowledge Is Available and Accessible To Guide Biodiversity Action. | Species Information Index | Not yet available | Species Status Information Index (SSII) | For a given species, the Species Information Index (SII) captures how well existing data covers the species’ expected range. At the species level, the SII can be computed across the entirety of the species’ expected range, ignoring national boundaries, or separately within each nation where it is expected to occur. | Annual | Unknown | Pending |
Complementary indicators, as set out in Decision 15/5, are “a list of optional indicators for thematic or in-depth analysis of each goal and target which may be applicable at global, regional, national, and subnational levels.” Below, complementary indicators were included on an ad hoc basis; this is not a comprehensive list of the spatial data that can be used for calculation of complementary indicators as set out in the indicator metadata associated with Decision 15/5, which is available on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Indicators website and in CBD/COP/16/INF/3/Rev.1.
Goal A: Protect and Restore
The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential.
| Global Biodiversity Framework Goal/Target | Indicator | Metadata for indicator calculation | Global data available | Global data description | Frequency of update for global data | Resolution of global data | UNBL Mapview URL |
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Goal A: The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050; Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential. |
Rate of tree cover loss | Not yet available | Tree Cover Loss | This data is a collaboration between the GLAD (Global Land Analysis & Discovery) lab at the University of Maryland, Google, USGS, and NASA, measuring areas of tree cover loss across all global land (except Antarctica and other Arctic islands). The data were generated using multispectral satellite imagery from the Landsat 5 thematic mapper (TM), the Landsat 7 thematic mapper plus (ETM+), and the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensors. Over 1 million satellite images were processed and analyzed, including over 600,000 Landsat 7 images for the 2000–2012 interval, and more than 400,000 Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images for updates for the 2011–2022 interval. The clear land surface observations in the satellite images were assembled and a supervised learning algorithm was applied to identify per pixel tree cover loss. | Annual | 30m | Tree Cover Loss |
| Mangrove extent | Global Mangrove Watch (SDG 6.6.1 Indicator) | The layers shown here indicate the global extent of mangrove forests in the years 1996, 2007–2010, 2015–2020, as well as changes in mangrove extent over the period 1996–2020. | Annual | N/A | Global Mangrove Watch (SDG 6.6.1 Indicator) | ||
| Global saltmarsh extent | Not yet available | Global Distribution of Saltmarshes | This dataset displays the extent of our knowledge regarding the distribution of saltmarshes globally, drawing from occurrence data (surveyed and/or remotely sensed). The dataset was developed to provide a baseline inventory of the extent of our knowledge regarding the global distribution of saltmarshes, which are ecosystems located in the intertidal zone of sheltered marine and estuarine coastlines. These ecosystems comprise brackish, shallow water with salt-tolerant plants such as herbs, grasses and shrubs, and are commonly found at temperate and high latitudes. Saltmarshes are of ecological importance as they underpin the estuarine food web. In particular, saltmarshes serve as nesting, nursery and feeding grounds for numerous species of birds, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, including commercially important fish species such as herring (Clupea harengus), and are also home to a number of Endangered and Critically Endangered species. | Unknown | N/A | Global Distribution of Saltmarshes | |
| Forest Landscape Integrity Index | Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) | The Forest Landscape Integrity Index integrates data on observed and inferred forest pressures and lost forest connectivity to generate the first globally-consistent, continuous index of forest integrity as determined by degree of anthropogenic modification. The result is a globally applicable, continuous-measure map of landscape-level forest integrity (hereafter, integrity), which offers a timely indicator of the status and management needs of Earth’s remaining forests. | Unknown | 300m | Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) | ||
| Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) | The Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) measures the capacity of landscapes to retain species diversity in the face of climate change, as a function of the area, connectivity and integrity of natural ecosystems across those landscapes. The indicator assesses the extent to which any given spatial configuration of natural habitat will promote or hinder climate-induced shifts in biological distributions. It does this by analyzing the functional connectivity of each grid-cell of natural habitat to areas of habitat in the surrounding landscape which are projected to support a similar assemblage of species under climate change to that currently associated with the cell of interest. | 5 years | 30 arc-sec | Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) |